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# Water at hydrophilic surfaces
Water at hydrophilic surfaces will adsorb onto the surface up to 2-3 atoms thick layers (roughly 1 nm in thickness). This adsorbate can exchange hydrogen ions with the bulk water (auto-ionize). The hydrogen ions released then spread out by diffusion, while the hydroxide ions remain stuck within the crystalline structure of the adsorbate. The diffusion of the H+ outwards generates an electric field from the negatively charged (hydroxide-rich) adsorbate and the positively charged (hydronium-rich) bulk water. This electric field polarizes the water within it and it tends to organize into what Gilbert Ling called "multilayer polarized water", hundreds of thousands of atomic layers of polarized water. This "non-solvent water" as Gilbert Ling called it will exclude (or, expel, eject) particles. It can be observed by diffraction photographs on flash-frozen water at hydrophilic surface (McGeoch, 2008).