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Emotions are all functions of the ways in which external things affect our powers or capacities. Joy is simply the movement to a greater capacity for action. Sadness is the passage to a lesser state of perfection. Love is nothing but joy accompanied by awareness of an external cause. Hate is sadness with the accompanying idea of an external cause. Hope and fear are inconstant joy or sadness arisen from the image of a future we doubt. When a doubtful outcome becomes probable, hope is changed into confidence, while fear is changed into despair.